Sardinia

Sardinia is a country located in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located by modern day Italy, to the left of it. It has a total of 8 provinces or territorys, and all 8 are on the flag. This Sardinia Nation is a secondary nation of PA mapping. Information heavily used from Wikipedia.

Geography and Climate (2020)
Sardinia is one of the largest islands inside the Mediterranean Sea, larger than Cyprus and smaller than Sicily. Sardinia has an area of 9,305 sq mi and if west of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The closest land to them is the island of Corsica. The capital city Cagliari is located at the southern coastline of Sardinia, in the province of Kalyari. The two main different macrobioclimates in Sardinia are the Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic and Temperate oceanic. The average temperature in Sardinia throughout the year is around 48 to 52 °F during most of winter and 73 to 79 °F during the start of summer, with an average of 52 to 63 °F throughout the year. 13% of the island is made up of mountains 19% is flat, and 68% is hilly. The summer is mostly dry with not many rains. However, when it does happen to rain, they are mostly severe thunderstorms, which can cause flash floods. In 2013, the island was hit by Cyclone Cleopatra, about 23 inches fell in the first 2 hours.

Ancient history:
In the 9th century BC Phoenicians rapidly began visiting Sardinia because they needed safe passage from their trade routes from the coast of modern-day Lebanon to get as far afield  as African and European Atlantic coasts and possibly beyond. In the 6thcentury BC, the Carthaginians wanted to annex Sardinia. The Carthaginians were recently very successful with the conquest of western Sicily. The first invasion led by Malco was foiled due to a Nuraghic resistance. In 510 BC however, the Carthaginians invaded Sardinia a second time from the southern and west-central part of the island. The invaders were successful at invading the country. Sardinia was annexed by Carthage.

In 238 BC there was a mercenary rebellion which led to the First Punic War . Eventually the Romans won the war and annexed Sardinia from Carthage. The Roman ruled in Sardinia for about 694 years, and the province was an important source of grain for the country. Sardinian tribes rebelled against Roman rule and fought in the mountains for a while.

Conquests in Sardinia:
In 456 the province of Sardinia was conquered by the Germanic tribe of the Vandals, who took the island for their own. Sardinia was under Germanic rule for 78 years up to 534, when the Eastern Roman Empire took the island back. In AD 530, a coup d'état in Carthage removed King Hilderic. In AD 533 Gelimer sent the his army to defeat the Vandals. Eventually Vandal Kingdom ended and Sardinia returned to Roman rule.

End of the Byzantine Rule and Democratic Reforms:
In late 533, Sardinia returned to the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire ( or Byzantine Empire ). Sardinia would remain in Byzantine hands for about the next 300 years until 233. The island was divided into districts called mereíai, and during this time, Christianity took deeper root on the island. Throughout the next years Byzantine rule over Sardinia would lesson and Sardinia would have to defend itself from raiders form North Africa in 705. The Muslims conquered the island Sicily from the Byzantines in 902. In 951 Sardinia began to operate freely form the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantines left Sardinia in 952. Early in the 11th Century, the Moors tried to take Sardinia but failed and the Sardinian Kingdom believed interpenetrated it as that the Christians had prevailed over the Muslim Moors. However, after the victory, the kingdom broke apart into 4 new kingdoms. The new kingdoms were Cagliari, Arborea, Gallura, and Torres. Sardinia erupted into a short civil war, and the Sardinian judikes became the new leaders of Sardinia. However, there were Byzantine monarchs claiming that they were the true kings of Sardinia, so the real leaders were sometimes falsely interpenetrated.

By mid 10th century Sardinia underwent a some-what semi-democratic reforms, with national assemblies called the Crown of the Realm. The Judicates defended themselves, maintained laws and trading. The history of the four Judicates would be defined by the contest for influence between the two Italian powers of Genoa and Pisa, and later of the Kingdom of Aragon. The Judicate of Cagliari was allied with Genoa, and Cagliari was invaded by other Sardinian forces and took the country under Sardinian rule in 1258, who were allied with Pisa. Pisa took some of Cagliari's land. Slowly the Kingdom of Aragon took over Sardinia during these times.

Aragon's Rule in Sardinia:
In 1324, the Crown Prince of Aragon Alfonso led an army that took Pisan territory in Sardinia. Eventually, Alfonso led the campaign to take Sardinia. The Kingdom of Sardinia was under Aragonese control. Aragon allowed more freedom in Sardinia and eventually a Judicate established civil rights for Sardinia and in the 14th Century Sardinia was one of the most well established societies in all of Europe. In 1353, the King of Aragon, granted a parliament to the kingdom of Sardinia. Sardinia now had much more independence. The kingdom of Aragon introduced the feudal system, but some of the Sardinian Judicates never adopted feudalism. An area in Sardinia kept with it's Parliament. The parliament allowed representatives from each town to sit - not just the nobles and military commanders -. The parliament held some control over the king, but the king stopped and even executed some members of the parliament if they did not follow the kings rules.

Aragon, instead of allowing Sardinia's independent movements, exerted much more control over Sardinia's people and occupied and fortified towns. This, however, escalated the independent movements much more and sparked a war with Sardinia.

In 1409, Sardinia lost the Battle of Sanluri, and lost thousands of men. The Sardinians outnumbered Aragon in the battle, but still lost. They were losing the war, and around this time, they were also losing their battle with a plague. Aragon won the war against Sardinia later.

The Kingdom of Sardinia remained in Aragonese-Spanish control for about 400 years, from 1323 to 1708. In that time Spanish tradition greatly impacted Sardinia's people and some still celebrate it today. There were many famines during this time which devastated the area and killed off at least 25% of the population.

The Period of History up to End of WW2
At the end of the Spanish War of Succession the Austrians took over the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1708. However, in 1717, Spain took the island back. But then in 1718 Savoy took Sardinia following the treaty of London. When this Alpine country took Sardinia the introduced Italian language, culture, and other things to the Sardinians. In 1793 Sardinia defeated French armies in the French campaign of Sardinia during Frances Revolutionary War. Then, Sardinia attack other fleets that belonged to France and were commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte. They defeated the French Fleets. The Sardinian forces also stopped another naval attack made by the French. A general from Sardinia became the first recipient of the Gold Medal of Military Valor. Because of their victory's against the French, representatives of the nobility and clergy created five requests addressed to the King, but they were all denied. This started an uprising in Sardinia's capitol. In 1796 the uprising started in other towns. The Sardinian magistrate fled Sardinia and would eventually help France in a plan to invade Sardinia.

In 1798, the islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians. There was a final Muslim attack on Sardinia. In 1799, as a consequence of the Napoleonic Wars in Italy, the Savoy royal family left Turin and took refuge in Cagliari for fifteen years. In 1820, Savoyards imposed the "Enclosures Act" on Sardinia, which aimed at turning the land's cultural and economic cornerstone of Sardinia to private property. Many local rebellions had rioted in 1868, all repressed by the King's army, resulted in an attempt to return and reaffirm the right to use the once common land. The common lands (called ademprivios) were never completely abolished though. In 1861, with Italy becoming united by a war campaign, the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia decided to change its name and the title of its king to Kingdom of Italy and King of Italy. The forests of Sardinia would become largely destroyed the keep up with building.

During World War 1, Sardinian soldiers formed 3 divisions called the Brigata Sassari. It was the only regional military unit in Italy. The brigade suffered heavy losses with about 138 casualties per 1000 soldiers. During the Fascist period, the Sardinian writer Grazia Deledda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926. During World War 2, Sardinia was an important air and naval base and was bombed by the Allies. German troops left the island on 8 September 1943 and left to Corsica without fighting. One Sardinian force was the Armed Forces of Sardinia.

Period of Industrial Advancements:
In 1946 Italy became a republic. In 1951, malaria was successfully eliminated and tourism increased in Sardinia. Sardinia contributed to the Italian economic miracle. In early 1960, Sardinia started an industrial effort, and increased construction of of new dams and roads, along with many more. Many farmers became factory workers. In the 1960's military bases were constructed on Sardinia. Even now, about 60% of all Italian and NATO military installations in Italy are on Sardinia. Sardinian nationalism and local protest movements became strong in the 1970s. There were many kidnappings. There were terrorist actions in Sardinia from the 1970s and the 1980s. During these times independent movements from Italy were taken place. In the 2000s Sardinia is changing into an EU region.

Recent History ( 2020-2024)
In 2020 during the Coronavirus independent movements struck Sardinia again. Local leaders met to form the 2nd Sardinia Kingdom. Italy disapproved, and sent the only military power they could muster, 5,000 men. Sardinia wasn't affected much from Covid-19 and was able to conscript 10000 men. Italy attacked the Capitol, but Sardinia defeated them. There was a series of Naval campaigns, which Sardinia won. After weeks of fighting Italy allowed the independence of Sardinia but they were to remain a puppet country for 3 more years.

Sardinia prepared for 2023 by creating their own independent trade, which was already large enough to support a country. The new government of Sardinia was to be called the casa dei congresso, made up of 10 representatives in each province or territory. They but a flat income tax of 9.7% into play. They would have a president unless they needed drastic measure, in that case they would elect a temporary Prime Minister. A president would be allowed to serve up to 5 terms, but after 3 terms it would become harder to earn presidency. In the 4th running year there would be 3 candidates running in the final election, the winner was the majority of the vote. In the 5th running year there would be 4 candidates in the final election, winner is the majority unless it is the rerunning president, he must get at least 40% of the vote to win.

Sardinia would raise the GDP of industry in those 3 years. In 2023, a month before becoming independent, Sardinia held a vote for the government positions. Enzo Martono became president over Alvonsio Peringe by a margin of 21%. When Sardinia first became independent people paraded and called May 20th 20 maggio day. Almost instantly after becoming independent France, which was near civil war, thought a war with Sardinia would solve their problems. On June 26th, 2023 France declared war on Sardinia. Sardinia instantly deployed troops to the island of Corse. There were little to none defenses there and the 10th, 11th, 24th, and 23rd infantry motorized divisions easily took the island France started air raids over Sardinia. Sardinia's newly installed anti air guns shot down massive amounts of French air crafts. Sardinia's staff general Mario Marco believed that the French were trying to wear out their defenses so they could launch an invasion. Marco thought that the French let Sardinia take the island of Corse, if they would not have wanted them to take it they would have fortified it. Marco ordered 10 naval divisions to clear the way to the coast of Southern France. The invasion of Southern France was a success. France surrendered in 2024 after the country fell into a massive civil war. Sardinia was allowed to annex Corse.