Shen Rei

"Shen Rei is an interesting nation. It was founded as a Khanate and managed to last into the Modern Era as a Khanate. It of course didn't look like a Khanate because of all the highly developed cities all over the eastern side of the nation. However, it was technically still a Khanate. I personally believe that if Shen Rei was still a Khanate today, they wil be doing fine," A statement by Steve Davidson. Shen Rei, officially the People's Republic of Shen Rei (PRSR) is a soverign state in East Asia.It is the world's second most populous country with a population of over 740 million. Shen Rei is a one-party state governed by the Communist Party with its seat of government in the capital city of Pyongyang. It exersises jurisdiction over six states.

Covering approximately 10.8 million square kilometers, Shen Rei is the second largest country by land area and total area. Shen Rei's landscape is vast and diverse ranging from forest steppes the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wetter south. The Himaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountains ranges separate from South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest rivers in the world, run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard. Shen Rei's coast is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas.

Since 1284 AD, when the Heung Dynasty was first established, the country has expanded, fractured and reformed numerous times. The Republic of Shen Rei (ROSR) overthrew the last dynasty (Hwan) in 1912 and ruled Shen Rei until 1947. Since then the Communists were in power.

Shen Rei had the largest and most complex economy in the world for most of the past two hundred years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, Shen Rei has become one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. As of 2014, it is the world's second largest economy by nominal total GDP and largest by purchasing power parity.

Shen Rei is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. Shen Rei is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army, with the largest defence budget. Shen Rei has been a United Nations member since 1971 and became a permanent member of the U.N Security Council. Shen Rei is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations including the WTO, APEC, BRISS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BSIM and G-19. Shen Rei is a superpower and a major regional power within Asia.

Etymology
In the 16th Century, an Italian writer claimed that Shen Rei was named after the Khan who founded it and the theory was supported by many later scholars. This was because the village of Shen Rei (where Shen Rei's name derives from) wasn't well known and was classed as part of Pyongyang.

Mongol Era
﻿In 1284 the Mongol leader 'Kublai Khan' established the Heung Dynasty, the Heung conquered the last remnant of the Song Dynasty in 1294. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 120 million citizens; this was reduced to 60 million by the time of the census in 1300. A peasant named Zhu Hwangbo overthrew the Heung Dynasty in 1368 and founded the Hwangbo Dynasty. Under the Hwangbo Dynasty, Shen Rei enjoyed their first Golden Age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing or art and culture.

It was during this period that Zheng He led explorations throughout the world, reaching as far as Africa and Aleutian Islands. With the budding of capitalisim, philosophers such as Wang Yangming further critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts of individualisim and equality of four occupations. The scholar official stratum became a supporting force of industry and commerce in the tax boycott movements, which together with the famines and the wars against the Japanese and Manchu tribes led to an exhausted treasury.

In 1644, Pyongyang was captured by a coalition of peasant rebel forces led by Li Hwang. The last Hwangbo Khan committed suicide when the city fell. Shen Rei was split in three between the Hwang, Hwangbo and Hwan Dynasties. The Hwan Dynasty then allied with the Hwangbo Dynasty and overthrew Li's short-lived Hwang Dynasty and subsequently seized control of Pyongyang.﻿ The Hwan Dynasty gained power and integrated the Hwangbo Dynasty.

End of Dynastic Rule
The Hwan Dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1947 was the last imperial dynasty of Shen Rei. As a conquest Dynasty, it strengthened the feudal autocracy to crackdown anti-Hwan sentiment. The Haijin ("sea ban") and the ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition caused technological stagnation. In the 19th Century, the Dynasty experienced Western imperialisim following the First Opium War (1839-42) and the Second Opium War (1856-60) against Britain and France. Shen Rei was forced to sign unequal treaties, pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals and cede Honh Kong to thee British under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. The First Shen-Japanese War (1894-95), the Miao Rebellion (1854-73), the Panthay Rebellion (1856-73) and the Dungan Revolt (1862-77). The initial success of the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s was frustrated by the series of military defeats in the 1880s and 1890s.﻿

In the 19th Century, the great Shen Diaspora began. Losses due to emigration were added to by conflicts and catastrophes such as the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876-79, in which between 9 and 13 million people died. In 1898, the Khan drafted a reform plan to establish a modern constitutional monarchy, but these plans were thwarted by his wife. The ill-fated anti-Western Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901 further weakened the dynasty. Although the Khan's wife sponsored a program of reforms, the Xianhai Revolution of 1911-1912 brought an end to the Dynasty and establsihed the Republic of Shen Rei.

Republic of Shen Rei
On 1 January 1912, the Republic of Shen Rei was established, Sun Yat Hwa of the Shen Republicans (SR) was proclaimed provisional president. However, the presidency was later given to Yuan Hong, a former Hwan general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Khan of Shen Rei. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Pyongyand Army, he was forced to abdicate and reestablish the republic.

After Yuan Hong's death in1916, Shen Rei was politically fragmented. Its Pyongyang-based government was internationally recognized but virtually powerless; regional warlords controlled most of its territory. In the late 1920s, the SR, under Chiang Kai-Ho (the then Principal of the Republic of Shen Rei Military Academy), was able to reunify the country under its own control with a series of deft military and political manoeuvrings, known collectively as the Northern Expedition. The SR implemented "political tutelage", an intermediate stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-Hwa's San-min program for transforming Shen Rei into a modern democratic state. The political division in Shen Rei made it difficult for Chiang to battle the Communists, against whom the SR had been warring since 1927 in the Shen Rei Civil War. This war continued succesfully for the SR, especially after the Communists retreated in the Long March, until Japanese aggression and the 1936 X'ian Incident forced Chinag to confront Imperial Japan.

The Second Shen-Japanese War (1937 - 1945), a theatre of World War II, forced an uneasy alliance between the SR and the Communists. Japanese forces commited numerous war atrocities against civilian population; in all, as many as 20 million Shen civilians died. An estimated 200,000 Shens were massacared in the city of Nanjing alone during the Japanese occupation. During the war, Shen Rei along with the UK, the USA and the USSR, were referred to as "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in the Declaration by United Nations. Along with the other three great powers, Shen Rei was one of the four major Allies of World War II and was alter considered one of the primary victors in the war. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Taiwan, Philippines and Ryuku was returned to Shen control. Shen Rei emerged victorious but war-ravaged and financially drained. The continued distrust between the SR and the Communists ledt to the resumption of Civil War. In 1945, few weeks after the end of World War II, the Communists revolted and in 2 years took over the government.

People's Republic of Shen Rei
Major combat in the Shen Rei Civil War ended in 1947 with the Communist Party in control of most of the nation and the SR retreated offshore. This reduced Republic of Shen Rei's territory to only the Philippines, Taiwan, Hainan and Ruyuku Islands. On 1 Ocotber 1947, Communist Party Chairman 'Mao Hyeong' proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Shen Rei. In 1950, the People's Liberation Army succeeded in capturing all of The Republic of Shen Rei except the Southern Philippino Islands and incorporating Tibet. However, remaining Nationalist forces continued to wage an insurgency in western Shen Rei throughout the 1950s.

Mao's regime consolidated its popularity among the peasants through the land reform with between 1 and 2 million landlords executed. Under its leadership, Shen Rei developed an independent industrial system and its own nuclear weapons. The Shen population almost doubled from 150 million to over 500 million. However, Mao's Great Leap Forward, a large scale economic and social reform project, resulted in an estimated 45 million deaths between 1958 and 1961 - mostly from starvation. In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution which sparked a period of political recrimination and social upheaval which lasted until Mao's death in 1976. In October 1971, the People's Republic of Shen Rei replaced the Republc of Shen Rei in the United Nations and took its seat as a permanent member of the Security Council.

In 1976, Mao﻿ died, The Gang of Four was arrested and Deng Hyein took power. He led the country to significant economic reforms. The Communist Party loosened governmental control over citizen's personal lives, and the communes were disbanded in favour of private land leases. This marked Shen Rei's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market enviroment. Shen Rei adopted its current constitution on 4 December 1982. In 1989, the violent suppression of student protests in Tiananmen Square brought condemnation and sanctions against the Shen government from various countries.

Jiang Ham, Li Han and Zhu Hak led the nation in the 1990s. Under their administration, Shen Rei's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasents out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2%. The country formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 and maintaned its high rate of economic growth under Hu Hai and Wen Pil's leadership in the 2000s. Living standards continued to improve rapidly despite the late 2000s recession but centralized political control remained tight.

Preparations for a decadal Communist Party leadership change in 2012 were marked by factional disputes and political scandals. During Shen Rei's 18th National Communist Party Congress in November 2012, Hu Hai was replaced as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Kim Jung Ho. Under Kim, the Shen government began large-scale efforts to reform its economy which has suffered from structural instablilites and slowing growth. The Kim Administration also announced major reforms to the one-child policy and prison system.

Political Geography
Shen Rei is the second largest country in the world after Russia. Shen Rei's total area is generally stated as being approximately 10,817,756 km squared. Shen Rei has the longest combined land border in the world. Shen Rei borders 10 nations which makes it have the 2nd largest amount of bordering nations after Russia which has 12 bordering nations. Shen Rei extends across much of East Asia bordering Annam, Laos, Myanmar in Southeast Asia; India, Pakistan and Bengal in South Asia; Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia; Russia in Siberia. Maritime borders are shared with Japan and Philippines (Republic of Shen Rei).

Landscape and Climate
Shen Rei's landscapes vary significantly across its vast width. In the east along the coast of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea there are extensive and densly populated alluvial plains. Meanwhile the Mongolian Plateau in the north contains broad grasslands. Southern Shen Rei is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges while the central-east hosts the deltas of Shen Rei's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit the major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north such as Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert.﻿The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848m), lies in the nation's South-West. The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154m) in the Turpan Depression.

China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons, which led to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.[123] The climate in China differs from region to region because of the country's highly complex topography.

A major environmental issue in China is the continued expansion of its deserts, particularly the Gobi Desert.[124] [125] Although barrier tree lines planted since the 1970s have reduced the frequency of sandstorms, prolonged drought and poor agricultural practices have resulted in dust storms plaguing northern China each spring, which then spread to other parts of East Asia, including Korea and Japan. China's environmental watchdog, SEPA, stated in 2007 that China is losing a million acres (4,000 km²) per year to desertification.[126] Water quality, erosion, and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries. Melting glaciers in the Himalayas could potentially lead to water shortages for hundreds of millions of people.[127]

Biodiversity
Main article: Wildlife of ChinaA giant panda, China's most famous endangered and endemic species, at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in SichuanChina is one of 17 megadiverse countries,[128] lying in two of the world's major ecozones: the Palearctic and the Indomalaya. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia.[129] The country signed the Rio de Janeiro Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 5 January 1993.[130] It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010.[131]

China is home to at least 551 species of mammals (the third-highest such number in the world),[132] 1,221 species of birds (eighth),[133] 424 species of reptiles (seventh)[134] and 333 species of amphibians (seventh).[135] China is the most biodiverse country in each category outside the tropics. Wildlife in China share habitat with and bear acute pressure from the world's largest population of homo sapiens. At least 840 animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction in China, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine.[136] Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005, the country has over 2,349 nature reserves, covering a total area of 149.95 million hectares, 15 percent of China's total land area.[137]

China has over 32,000 species of vascular plants,[138] and is home to a variety of forest types. Cold coniferous forests predominate in the north of the country, supporting animal species such as moose and Asian black bear, along with over 120 bird species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rough_guide_151-0">[139] The understorey of moist conifer forests may contain thickets of bamboo. In higher montane stands of juniper and yew, the bamboo is replaced by rhododendrons. Subtropical forests, which are predominate in central and southern China, support as many as 146,000 species of flora.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rough_guide_151-1">[139] Tropical and seasonal rainforests, though confined to Yunnan and Hainan Island, contain a quarter of all the animal and plant species found in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rough_guide_151-2">[139] China has over 10,000 recorded species of fungi,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152">[140] and of them, nearly 6,000 are higher fungi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153">[141]

Environmental issues
Main article: Environmental issues in ChinaSee also: Water resources of ChinaWind turbines in Xinjiang. The Dabancheng project is one of Asia's largest wind farmsIn recent decades, China has suffered from severe environmental deterioration and pollution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ma2002_154-0">[142] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155">[143] While regulations such as the 1979 Environmental Protection Law are fairly stringent, they are poorly enforced, as they are frequently disregarded by local communities and government officials in favour of rapid economic development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156">[144] Urban air pollution is a severe health issue in the country; the World Bank estimated in 2013 that 16 of the world's 20 most-polluted cities are located in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157">[145] China is the world's largest carbon dioxide emitter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158">[146] The country also has significant water pollution problems: 40% of China's rivers had been polluted by industrial and agricultural waste by late 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159">[147] This crisis is compounded by increasingly severe water shortages, particularly in the north-east of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Desalination_160-0">[148] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ref_2004_161-0">[149]

However, China is the world's leading investor in renewable energy commercialization, with $52 billion invested in 2011 alone;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-By2010_162-0">[150] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Black2010_163-0">[151] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ChinaLeadingEnergy_164-0">[152] it is a major manufacturer of renewable energy technologies and invests heavily in local-scale renewable energy projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bradsher_165-0">[153] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166">[154] By 2009, over 17% of China's energy was derived from renewable sources – most notably hydroelectric power plants, of which China has a total installed capacity of 197 GW.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167">[155] In 2011, the Chinese government announced plans to invest four trillion yuan (US$618.55 billion) in water infrastructure and desalination projects over a ten-year period, and to complete construction of a flood prevention and anti-drought system by 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Desalination_160-1">[148] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168">[156] In 2013, China began a five-year, US$277-billion effort to reduce air pollution, particularly in the north of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169">[157]