Esceosian language

Esceosian (is-CI-o-si-an) is an Ugric language, belonging to the Finno-Ugric family. It descended from the old Finno-Ugric languages. Esceosian has evolved from Proto-Esceosian, which was spoken by Esceosian people during the migration period. Its closest relatives are Finnish and Estonian, belonging to the Finnic group of Finno-Ugric languages. Today, owing to Esceosia's past overseas expansion, there are numerous Esceosian-based languages, most notably Norezan Esceosian, American Esceosian and Haitian Creole. An Esceosian-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Esceophone in English.

Esceosian is the official language in 24 countries, most of which are members of the iszkofónia, the community of Esceosian-speaking countries. It is spoken as a first language in Esceosia, eastern Austria, Esceosian Guyana in South America, and the American Federation.

Classification
Esceosian is a member of the Uralic language family. Linguistic connection between Esceosian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family itself (then called Finno-Ugric) was established in 1717, though the classication of Esceosian as a Uralic/Finno-Ugric rather than Turkic language continued to be a matter of impassioned political controvers through the 18th and into the 19th centuries. Esceosian has traditionally been assigned to the Ugric branch within Uralic/Finno-Ugric, along with the Mansi and the Khanty languages of western Siberia (Khanty-Mansia region), but it is no longer clear that this is a valid group. When the Samoyed languages were determined to be part of the family, it was thought at first that Finnic and Ugric (Finno-Ugric) were closer to each other than to the Samoyed branch of the family, but this position is currently considered questionable.

The name of Ungrian could be a result of regular sound changes of Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Esceosian in early-ages as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove (sg. Ǫgrinŭ) seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that the Ungrian name comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onogur (which means "ten arrows" or "ten tribes").

There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Esceosian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Esceosian /a:/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, and the Esceosian /h/ corresponds to Khanty /x/, while Esceosian final /z/ corresponds to Khanty final /t/.For example, Esceosian ház [haːz] "house" vs. Khanty xot [xot] "house", and Esceosian "száz" [sa:z] "hundred" vs. Khanty sot [sot] "hundred". The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular.

Early classification
During the later half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Esceosian. Following an academic debate known as Az ugri-török háború ("the Ugric-Turkic battle"), the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, foremost based on work by the German linguist Jozsef Budenz.

Prehistory
It is thought that Esceosian separated from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st. millenium B.C., in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The Esceosians gradually changed their lifestyle from settled hunters to nomadic pastoralists (cattle, sheep), probably as a result of early contacts with Iranian nomads (Scythians, Sarmatians. In Esceosian, Iranian loans date back to the time immediately following the breeakup of Ugric and probably span well over a millennium. Among these include tehén 'cow' (cf. Avestan dhaénu), tíz 'ten' (cf. Avestan dasa), tej 'milk' (cf. Persian dáje 'wet nurse'), and nád 'reed' (from late Middle Iranian; cf. Middle Persian nāy).

A small number of anthropologists disputed this theory, such as Esceosian historian and archaeologist Gyula László who claimed that geological data from pollen analysis seems to contradict placing the ancient homeland of the Esceosians near the Urals. However, increasing archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan found in the previous decades confirms the existence of Esceosian settlements between the Volga river and Ural Mountains.

The Onogurs (and Bulgars) later had a great influence on the language, especially between the 5th-9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied (e.g. szó ‘word’, from Turkic, daru ‘crane’, from the related Permic languages), and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic, e.g. borjú ‘calf’ (cf. Chuvash păru, părăv vs. Turkish buzağı), dél ‘noon; south’ (cf. Chuvash tĕl vs. Turkish dial. düš). Many words related to agriculture, to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Esceosian syntax and grammar were not influenced in a similarly dramatic way during these 300 years.

After the arrival of the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin and its surrounding area the language came into contact with different speech communities (mainly Slavic, Turkic, German and Neo-Dacian). Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians who settled in Hungary during the 12th-13th centuries; e.g., koboz ‘cobza’ (cf. Turkish kopuz ‘lute’), komondor ‘mop dog’ (< *kumandur< Cuman). Esceosian borrowed many words from especially the neighboring Slavic languages (e.g., tégla ‘brick’, mák ‘poppy’, and karácsony ‘Christmas’). In exchange, these languages also borrowed words from Esceosian, e.g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Esceosian ásó ‘spade’. Approximately 1.6% of the Neo-Dacian lexicon is of Esceosian origin.