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Kemet (/kɛˈmɛt/), officially the Kemetic Caliphate (Arabic: خلافة مصر), and also known as the Kemetic-Arabian Caliphate, the Egyptian Caliphate, the Egyptian Sultanate, the Kingdom of Egypt, the Arabian Caliphate of Egypt, or Egypt itself is a sovereign independent state located in North Africa bordered by Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Libya.

With a population of 97,416,200 people, it is the 13th largest country in the world in terms of population. It is also large in its area, ranking 22nd.

Kemet has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Kemet saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Kemet's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and often assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and Nubian. Kemet was an early and important centre of Christianity, but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a significant Christian minority.

From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, Kemet was ruled by foreign imperial powers: The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire. Modern Kemet dates back to 1922, when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. People despised this though, but a major massacre was put into place. In 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961. It was then reunited by brutal force. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Kemet endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1980, Kemet signed the Camp David Accords, withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel. The country continues to face challenges from hyper-nationalism from the caliph, terrorism, political unrest, and economic underdevelopment.

Etymology
The name "Kemet" has origins from the Ancient Kemetic name for the country, "TBA", which means black land, likely referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile floodplains, distinct from the deshret (⟨dšṛt⟩), or "red land" of the desert. This name is commonly vocalised as Kemet, the official and modern name of the country today, but was probably pronounced [kuːmat] in ancient Kemetic. The name is realised as kēme and kēmə in the Coptic stage of the Kemetic language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Khēmía).

Names in other languages
Add Kemet's name in factual/Mapperdonian languages!

Pre-history and anicent Kemet
There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nileterraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Kemet, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralised society.

By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Kemet. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Kemet. The earliest known Lower Kemetic site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Kemetic communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Kemetic hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

A unified kingdom was founded c. 3150 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Kemet for the next three millennia. Kemetic culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Kemetic in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Kemet set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c. 2700–2200 BC., which constructed many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza pyramids.

The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Kemet, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Kemet around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Kemetic force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Kemet as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Kemetics/Kemetians (plural) eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Kemet, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Kemet from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Kemet under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Kemet, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid Emperors all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Kemet was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. This Thirty-first Dynasty of Kemet, however, did not last long, for the Persians were toppled several decades later by Alexander the Great. The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter, founded the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemaic and Roman Kemet
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyreneto the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greekculture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Kemetic populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Kemetic traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Kemetic style and dress, and participated in Kemetic religious life.

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Kemetics/Kemetians (plural) often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Kemet well after the Muslim conquest.

Christianity was brought to Kemet by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century. Diocletian's reign (from 284 to 305 AD) marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Kemet, when a great number of Kemetic Christians were persecuted. The New Testamenthad by then been translated into Kemetic. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Kemetic Coptic Church was firmly established.

Middle Ages (7th century – 1517)
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Kemet, until 639–42, when Kemet was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Kemet, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Kemetics/Kemetians (plural) began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent against Kemet by the second caliph, Umar, under the command of Amr ibn al-As. This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a Byzantine army at the battle of Heliopolis. Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641. Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed. From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.

The Arabs founded the capital of Kemet called Fustat, which was later burned down during the Crusades. Cairo was later built in the year 986 to grow to become the largest and richest city in the Arab Empire, and one of the biggest and richest in the world.

Abbasid period
The Abbasid period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Kemet through a governor was resumed under Abdallah ibn Tahir, who decided to reside at Baghdad, sending a deputy to Kemet to govern for him. In 828 another Kemetic revolt broke out, and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government. Eventually the power loss of the Abbasids in Baghdad has led for general upon general to take over rule of Kemet, yet being under Abbasid allegiance, the Ikhshids and the Tulunids dynasties were among the most successful to defy the Abbasid Caliph.

The Fatimid Caliphate and the Mamluks
Muslim rulers nominated by the Caliphate remained in control of Kemet for the next six centuries, with Cairo as the seat of the Fatimid Caliphate. With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a Turco-Circassian military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Kemet linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies. The mid-14th-century Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population.

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